Kazimierz MIKO?AJEC, Jakub JAROSZ, Micha? KRZYSZTOFIK, Petr STASTNY, Micha? SPIESZNY
Journal of Sports Science & Medicine - 2026;25(1):314-326
Complex training combines high-load resistance exercises with plyometric actions and can be implemented using different exercise sequences. Given that neuromuscular adaptations are specific to the force-velocity characteristics and fatigue conditions under which training stimuli are applied, exercise order may influence the expression of training adaptations. This study compared the effects of ascending (ACT; plyometrics before resistance exercises) and descending (DCT; resistance before plyometrics) complex training methods on athletic performance in national-level male basketball players. Twenty athletes (ACT: n=8; DCT: n=12) completed an 8-week training program performed twice weekly during the off-season. Both protocols included matched training volumes (sets x repetitions x load) and intensities but differed in exercise sequencing: DCT prioritized resistance exercises before plyometrics, while ACT followed the opposite order. Primary outcomes were change of direction (5-10-5, CODAT) and countermovement jumps without and with arm swing (CMJ, CMJ-A; respectively), squat jumps (SJ). Secondary outcomes included drop jumps from 40 and 60 cm (DJ-40, DJ-60), linear sprint times (5 m, 10 m), and force output during isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). After adjustment for baseline performance, no consistent between-group differences were observed for jumping performance during CMJ, CMJ-A, SJ, or DJ, nor for sprinting or change-of-direction performance (all p >= 0.05). A significant between-group effect favoring DCT was observed only for CMJ-A peak velocity (p = 0.015) and early-phase isometric force production at 100 ms during the IMTP (p = 0.011). These findings indicate that both ACT and DCT can be effectively implemented during the off-season in national-level basketball players. Exercise sequencing appears to act as a fine-tuning variable that may influence specific neuromuscular qualities, rather than producing broad performance advantages across athletic tasks.
